Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example The whole logical decision making procedures begin with scrutinizing the project that falls under the domain of the engineering professional field and analyzing the output or the consequences of those projects within the circumstances that encircles the most preserved ideals and principles. At later stages, these engineering ethics listed ideals are being actively considered by scientific and technical professionals in a situation of necessity specially those which would create public roles out of those professionals in situations where their understanding of technology and its impact could become a sapling with a potential to enable common public to have a peek into new thinking, debate, and action. Hence, ethical responsibility has now moved beyond the earlier definition that revolves around decency, honesty and truthfulness in life. At the same time, it has moved past the concept of wise decision making and is now more than mere selection through those wise concepts over choices s plattered suddenly or better to say unexpectedly. The moral for an individual should now diversify with the spurted desire to involve others and forming a team in taking decisions with a purpose to define the steps undertaking the crucial choices. The difficulty over here is that of utilizing own intelligence that might sometime challenge the dominance of the technology and machines (Collins). Various societies of professional Engineers have provided code of ethics for engineers. Almost all those enlisted codes underscore the importance of engineering profession and how an engineering profession makes changes to this world could and hence needs to follow those codes. The structure over which this world now relies for day to day movement and work is very much a result of efforts made by Engineering for centuries. They have got direct and vital impact on common man's life and their quality of living. Their presence is everywhere either in form of service or products that have now become indispensible. The electricity, electronic equipments, the houses we live, the roads e travel, the vehicle we board, the communication devices through which we make virtual connection with the rest of the world. The presence of engineering marvel is spread all across. Now, here comes the point which encircles over issues that makes the code of engineering ethics important. The engineers are s upposed or better to say have a say almost everywhere including public health, safety and welfare. So, they need to practice highest level of honesty, fairness, impartiality and equity. The standard of professional behavior being practiced by engineers should enlighten itself through highest principles of ethical conduct (NSPE, [National Society for Professional Engineers]). The code begins with some fundamental canons. These provides point wise list following which is a must when engineers are observing their professional duties. These canons have great importance as they necessitate the importance of engineering as a profession and at the same time provide engineers a level of seriousness to their existence and utilization as a professional. The code states that the most important of all is nothing but public's safety, welfare and

Determining the Formula of an Unknown Hydrate Essay Example for Free

Determining the Formula of an Unknown Hydrate Essay The final equations that was concluded after the experiment and the calculations are CuSO4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5H2O and MgSO4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5H2O. There are 5 water molecules per Copper (II) Sulphate and 7 water molecules per Magnesium Sulphate. The compounds are all hydrates which is a substance that contains water. This occurs when crystals form from the evaporation of an aqueous solution of a salt and water molecules become included into the crystal. The hydrates were heated and lost its water of hydration and made it possible to calculate how much water was in the hydrate and the water to salt ratio. The percentage error for the Copper (II) Sulfate was 4.61%. It is a large error but the coefficient was correctly rounded to the accepted value of 5. The percentage error for Epsom salts was 5.51% which is also very large but can also be rounded to the accepted value of 7. Errors and Limitations Error Explanation Suggested Improvements No lid Without a lid on the evaporating dish, the powder popped out the dish when heated therefore causing the mass of the remaining substance to be lower Using a lid Imprecise measurements of mass Causing the mass of the evaporating dish, H2O and the remaining hydrate to be lowered or raised and therefore makes the final formula incorrect Making sure the surface of the scale is clean and waiting until the weight displayed has completely stopped No depth in experiment More experiments can be done for comparison and further our knowledge of hydrates Another Sulfate hydrate to compare the hydrates and see if there is a pattern of the different hydrate and the number of water molecules due to factors of periodicity. Also we could have also just used sulfate hydrate to observe how adding another element affect the water and salt ratio. Overheating of the substances The hydrates were heated under the Bunsen burner and were left under the heat for too long. This could alter the result by lowering the mass, which would increase the water to salt ratio. Mixing the powder to evenly distribute the heat to prevent overheating the salt. Not letting the substance cool before weighing it This would raise the mass of the anhydrate because the water molecules would not be entirely evaporated making the substance left heavier. Having more patience and letting the salt completely cool before weighing Oval chunks of CuSO4 remain after burning Not all of the water of hydration has been removed which will throw off the result by decreasing the mole of water and the increase the final water to salt ratio. Break up the chunks before heating or while heating.

Affect And Strategy Of Environmental Factors Marketing Essay

Affect And Strategy Of Environmental Factors Marketing Essay STEEPLE/PESTLE originally designed as a business environmental scan, the STEEPLE or PESTLE analysis is an analysis of the external macro environment (big picture) in which a business operates. These are often factors which are beyond the control or influence of a business, however are important to be aware of when doing product development, business or strategy planning. Social: Dà ©lys is a chocolate based cake and a bakery Producer and as United Kingdom is one of the highest consumers of the Chocolate product, it is easily accepted by the People. It can take a speed in a market in very less time. On the other Hand as every person is busy, they prefer Baker Products which is more quick and easy to eat, every age, sex and of different geographical regions would easily adopt Dà ©lys product. Technological: The most modern bakeries are highly automated. To track and help assure compliance with government regulation that affects bakeries, companies deploy software, such as Environmental Quality management Program. Bakery Firms may use computer system to receive order, track sales and exchange the data with large customers. Dà ©lys do not have its own distribution business and retail outlets, Sales are through the main supermarket chains such as Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons. Some independent grocery chains also stock Dà ©lys products and the products also sold by Harrods and Fortnum and Mason. Which may affect the technologically in the operation of the Business. Economical: Large economies of scale occur in production baked product, is manly of labour cost can be reduced dramatically in large bakery facilities. A big automated bakery can produce a million bread loaves a week with just 100 employees working two shifts. The size of production facilities is limited by the need to distribute a highly perishable product to a large number of customers. Usually a large baking facility can service an area within a 300-miles radius. As Dà ©lys has 60 employees it could reduce the cost of production. These may be the factor affection Economical environment of the Industry. Environmental: Production is carried out at Dà ©lys Ltds own factory and by one other food manufacturer in England that is not owned by Dà ©lys Ltd. The factory must be environment friendly and should be concern about the reduction in pollutions that may effect in health of the person residing nearby. This may be the factor that may affect the operation of Dà ©lys Ltd. Political: As the Political situation of U.K is stable and that warmly welcomes the entry of the new products inside the United kingdom market, the tax policy of United kingdom is very producer friendly and conflicts is very much less likely to occur in the production like Cakes and bakeries that may affect the operation of the Dà ©lys Ltd. Legal: The basic understanding of the political legal environment is when the government implements laws and or regulations which affect the way a business operate. Legal environment in a business are as following Statutory and regulatory conditions, corporate governance, compliance, international trade regulations, competition regulation. In the case of Dà ©lys Ltd it has to be careful in food and hygiene regulation, employment policies, health and safety rules and regulation etc Ethical: The ethical factors includes Business ethics, Consent, Client confidentiality, Official Secrets Act, Security access, terms of business/trade, Trust, Reputation. As the national press has praised the quality of the products and a number of organisations have identified some Dà ©lys products as being the best of their kind in taste tests. Jo Brown has found fame as a dynamic entrepreneur and is a dragon on the BBC business show Dragons Den. Jo is a hands-on managing director and would always want to be seen as such in any business she worked in. These could ethically effect the environment of the Dà ©lys Ltd. Stake holder analysis Internal stakeholders and their interest in the company: (a) Employees. Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to provide remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities, in the case of Dà ©lys Ltd 60 employees are the internal stakeholder of the Business. (b) Investors. The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned with the risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell. Shareholders are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the enterprise to pay dividends. (Investors are owners of the co. It can be argued that they are external stakeholders, but its also hard to call your owners outsiders) In the case of Dà ©lys Ltd its a Private Company so the investor is Dà ©lys itself. (c) Management and those who appointed them. Financial statements also show the results of the stewardship of management, or the accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it. Those users who wish to assess the stewardship or accountability of management do so in order that they may make economic decisions; these decisions may include, for example, whether to hold or sell their investment in the enterprise or whether to reappoint or replace the management. External Stockholder The external stakeholders can be considered as anyone outside the implementing Organisations that could be affected by the projects results. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT It is not sufficient to identify the relevant groups. Named individuals need to be identified within each group and more than one person may be required for any organisation or department. The selection of these individuals will depend on the role that they are to play in the project and the requirements in terms of knowledge, authority and level of involvement that this creates. External Stockholder of Dà ©lys Ltd is Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons. Some independent grocery chains also stock Dà ©lys products and the products also sold by Harrods and Fortnum and Mason. Attitude toward the Strategy of Dà ©lys would be positive by the internal and external stakeholders, as Sales of the companys products have currently grown by more than 15% per annum every year since the company was founded and they currently amount to  £6 million annually. The net profit on sales ratio is a very healthy 10% and at this level other businesses have been attracted to Dà ©lys Ltds business model. The company has a balance sheet that shows there are assets of  £20 million funded by a mortgage of  £7 million, a long term bank loan of  £2 million and retained profits over the last 10 years of  £6 million. The residual amount comes from the shareholders equity. It employs only 60 people. Apart from one factory with attached offices, Dà ©lys Ltd owns no distribution businesses and no retail outlets. 2(a) Use appropriate tools to analyse and measure the effects and effectiveness of Dà ©lys Ltds current business plans. 2(b) Summarise the position of Dà ©lys Ltds in its current market. 2(c) Evaluate the competitive strengths and weaknesses of Dà ©lys Ltds current strategies. Existing Business Strategy Porters Five Force analysis is important when trying to understand the competitive environment facing a given industry. It involves looking at internal competition barriers to entry, the profit appropriating power of buyers and sellers, as well as substitutes to the goods produced. Applied to the bakery industries like Dà ©lys Limited it shows an average net profit that typically does not cover the cost of capital due to low barriers to entry, ease of production and ease of access to ingredients. Internal Rivalry There are many players in the bakery industries like Dà ©lys Limited. The top four companies are estimated to only account for 11.7 percent of the market. The industry is characterized by many small bakeries, but theres has been the recent trend towards consolidation and economics of scale. Businesses compare on price, quality, differentiation and relationship with key suppliers. Barrier to entry Barrier to entry in this industry is low. Economics of scale are beneficial, but are not required for industrial success. As a result, small business can enter the industry with relatively small amount of Capital. The two main Determinant of New company successes is the leader ability acquire sufficient channels of distribution to cover an operating cost and their ability to built up Brand acquisitions and Loyalty. Distribution channels typically involve retail outlets, such as grocery stores and supermarkets and they can be easily acquired if the bakery brand is established or have market research to create one. Dà ©lys Ltd Sales are through the main supermarket chains such as Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons. Some independent grocery chains also stock Dà ©lys products and the products also sold by Harrods and Fortnum and Mason. Buyers Buyers of the bakery industry products like Dà ©lys Ltd such as ASDA, Sainsburys, Morrison, Tesco are able to appreciate much of the industry profit due to large number of small bakeries that are buying to find outlets for their products. As a result Buyers are able to command Low price and volume discounts. Only a large player like have the power to level the playing field and achieve a more balanced share of the profit. Suppliers Suppliers do not have much negotiating power in the bakery business like Dà ©lys ltd due to the well developed market for their products and their commoditized nature of what they are saying. Cakes and pastries and child bakeries of delays ltd can be affected by price swing of the raw input, but the changes are the result of the global supply and demand determinants rather than supply negotiating power Substitutes Many substitutes exist for bakery products. Breakfast cereals, rice and potatoes are all viable alternatives and individual can also make all of the baked goods they want at home. Bakery relay upon price and convenience to keep individuals switching to a substitute for baking what they need at home. Position of Dà ©lys Ltd Product in Market Dà ©lys Ltd is a private company that makes cakes under the brand name Dà ©lys. It was founded in 2000 by Jo Brown who liked the chocolate based cakes and patisserie that was on sale in Paris. With  £75,000 Dà ©lys Ltd was founded. It makes a variety of desserts and sweets for the premium end of the market. All the output is of chilled products. Jo Brown has found fame as a dynamic entrepreneur and is a dragon on the BBC business show Dragons Den. Jo is a hands-on managing director and would always want to be seen as such in any business she worked in. Sales of the companys products have currently grown by more than 15% per annum every year since the company was founded and they currently amount to  £6 million annually. The net profit on sales ratio is a very healthy 10% and at this level other businesses have been attracted to Dà ©lys Ltds business model. The company has a balance sheet that shows there are assets of  £20 million funded by a mortgage of  £7 million, a long term bank loan of  £2 million and retained profits over the last 10 years of  £6 million. The residual amount comes from the shareholders equity. It employs 60 people. The growth in snacking and requirement for convenience foods has benefited both the biscuits and cakes and pastries sectors. Many industrially produced cakes are now available in wrapped single-portion sizes designed for snacking, while snack-sized packs of biscuits have also become more commonplace. The European market for bakery products amounted to 30.2 million tonnes in 1999, worth an estimated  £45 billion ($73 billion or i68 billion). Given its size, the bakery sector can be considered to be one of the most important sectors of the food industry as a whole. Bread remains a staple part of the diet, whilst cakes and biscuits can increasingly be regarded as regular snacking items rather than occasional treats. Bread is by far the largest sector of the bakery market, with sales of 24.45 million tonnes in 1999, equating to 81% of total bakery volumes. Sales of biscuits totalled 3.02 million tonnes, representing 10%, and cakes and pastries for the remaining 9%, or 2.73 million tonnes. There are over 120,000 enterprises active in the European bread-baking sector, the vast majority of which are small craft bakers. Craft bakers are dominant in countries where there is a tradition of buying freshly baked bread every day, such as Italy, Portugal, Greece and France. This contrasts with the situation in the UK and Ireland, where some 80% of bread consumed is industrially produced. Overall, artisanal bakers and in-store bakeries currently account for 63% of all bread consumed in Europe, although industrial bakers, which account for the remaining 37%, are becoming more significant. Within the total European biscuits market, DANONE is market leader, with a 16% share of sales, While Sales of the Dà ©lys Companys products have currently grown by more than 15% per annum every year since the company was founded and they currently amount to  £6 million annually. Ahead of United Biscuits with 11%, Bailsmen with 8%, and Barilla with 6%; own-label accounts for an estimated 18%. 3(a) Use a range of tools and models to develop a range of strategic options for Dà ©lys Ltd 3(b) Analyse the comparative strategic position taken by competitors in the market and how it may affect the choice of future strategy by Dà ©lys Ltd 3(c) Create a range of feasible options as the basis of future organisational strategy for Dà ©lys Ltd Despite the ongoing trend towards healthy eating, and the added pressures from the credit squeeze, demand for indulgent chilled desserts continues to grow. Market value increased by 14% between 2003 and 2007, and is expected to grow by 4% in 2008, taking sales to  £1,030 million. An internal shift within chilled pot desserts away from every day desserts in favour of premium lines is adding value, although overall volume growth has been subdued. Sales of other chilled desserts other than those in pots have been boosted by larger sharing formats, while a revival of family dining at the weekend has contributed to the growth of hot eating desserts. The outlook for the market remains positive, although in order to achieve longer-term growth, manufacturers will need to further increase the participation of ABC1s and increase frequency of consumption beyond special occasions. Impulse and on-the-go snacking, as well as the consumption of desserts away from main meals all offer further potential for growth. Mintel last examined the UK market for Chilled and Chilled Pot Desserts in March 2007 and July 2006 respectively. Mintel forecasts on the Bakery, cakes and pastry Industry Bread UK February 2007 Between 2001 and 2006, the retail sales volume of bread fell by 14% to 1.8 million tonnes. Mintel forecasts slower decline between 2006 and 2011 of approximately 9%. Between 2001 and 2006, the value market grew by 14%, or 9% in real terms. Mintel also forecast that it will grow by an estimated 11% over the next five years to reach a value of  £2.4 billion at current prices, which translates to a 2% rate of growth in real terms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bread Cakes Ireland March 2006 Retail sales of biscuits are valued at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬252.4 million in RoI and have grown by 24% since 2000. Retail sales in NI rose from  £88.4 million in 2000 to  £114 million in 2005, representing a growth rate of 29% over the review period. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cakes and Cake Bars UK June 2006 The UK ambient cake market comprises three main segments; whole cakes, occasion cakes and individual cakes. Sales increased by 11% from 2001 to reach a value of  £1.47 billion by 2005. In order to progress, suppliers have had to develop products to deal with current eating trends that have shifted away from the role of cake as a teatime treat or celebratory indulgence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Morning Goods UK July 2007 The morning goods market comprises a broad range of bread rolls and bakery snack products. Most product categories continue to advance in value despite their maturity, while some notably bagels, muffins, brioche and doughnuts have been enjoying impressive rates of growth. Overall sales of morning goods increased by 11% between 2002 and 2006, to reach  £1.18 billion. This compares with a 10% rise in bread sales (excluding rolls) over the same period in a market worth  £2.11 billion. Growth has picked up since 2004, with morning goods sales increasing by 7.5% between 2004 and 2006, while sales of bread Increased by just 5.6%. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sweet Biscuits UK May 2007 Sales of sweet biscuits stood at  £1,462 million in 2006, having achieved 2.2% growth on the previous year against a prevailing trend of healthy eating. Over the 2002-07 periods, value growth has outstripped that of volume, signalling consumers lighter consumption habits but willingness to trade up to more expensive and indulgent products. Greatest growth over the previous year was in healthier and special treat biscuits, both of which tend to retail at the premium end. Mintel forecasts that both value (in real terms) and volume sales of sweet biscuits will increase by around 7% at current prices over the 2007-12 month period, increasing to an estimated  £1.7 billion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-sweet Biscuits UK October 2007 Sales of non-sweet biscuits have enjoyed slightly higher rates of growth (from a smaller starting point) due to their strong health positioning and the development of snacking variants. Snacking both at home and on the go is a key factor behind growth in sales of non-sweet biscuits. Manufacturers have already responded to this with snack pack and mini variants, but could do more to extend the relevance of non-sweet biscuits to the convenience-led on-the-go market. The newly released March edition of Frozen Cakes, Pies, and Other Pastries Manufacturing Industry report is the comprehensive market research guide for the industry. It has the latest information on the industrys key financial data, competitive landscape, cost and pricing, and trends during the current economic climate The available options for the Dà ©lys Limited are as following: Expanding the range of desserts and sweets it makes to include Viennese and Italian styles, Expanding the range of products to include ambient and frozen products, Producing healthier products to chime in with consumers changing tastes and government initiatives on healthy lifestyles, Increase the number of retailers selling the Dà ©lys range, Producing own label products for the supermarket chains, Expanding internationally, diversifying into other product areas such as bakery, Making products for niche markets such gluten intolerants and products for specific ethnic and religious groups who have specific dietary needs., Supplying mass-market caterers and airlines, Licensing producers to use the Dà ©lys name on other food lines., Opening Dà ©lys retail outlets in retail centres., Taking over other businesses. Two local firms with good regional reputations which might be targets are Maggies Farm Breads, an artisanal bakery, valued at around  £1.5 million, and Chocolaterie de Gro ote a company that hand makes Belgian style chocolates that is worth around  £1 million. , and selling out to a large food producing business. Jo believes she could probably get  £25 million for Dà ©lys Ltd. and get a seat on the board with a view to moving up to be in charge of a FTSE listed company. Alternatively she could just walk away with the money and find new businesses and ideas to develop. She also knows that Ben and Jerrys lost a lot of its carefully developed image as a hippy ice cream maker when it sold out to Unilever and she does not want to lose the market image she has built up for Dà ©lys Ltd by selling out. But she knows everything has its price. Conclusion At the end, studying about several criteria of the Dà ©lys Limited Production, Market and the product and looking over the diversified available strategic option we could conclude the assignment. Expending the range of desserts and sweets can be the good strategic option including ambient and frozen, as U.K person are health conscious so making the product may be the effective option for Dà ©lys Limited. As Delays Limited has no any retail outlets its open to open the retail outlets may also be profitable, supplying mass-market through caterers and airlines may me seasonal options. Dà ©lys limited if licence producer to use Dà ©lys name on other food may be that suitable option in a United Kingdom market as it itself developed a good image and goodwill in a market. Diversifying into other product may also help in expending the market share. And Making product for niche market such as gluten intolerants and products for specific ethnic and religion groups who have specific dietary needs may not work in United Kingdom market. When expanding into new markets credit managers need to be concerned about the new client base, specific trade laws that may apply currency considerations and political risk. The treasury department may consider working capital concerns, advance rates from their traditional credit facility and loan covenants as part of the overall strategy. Selecting which country to sell into is often dictated by the products we produce. For example, lets say Dà ©lys Ltd. provides Cake and Pastries that are ideal for economically challenged nations. They are low cost, light weight and easily produced worldwide. Companies such as Dà ©lys Ltd may have expertise in foreign languages, laws and customs. They need a strategic partner who brings these skills to the table.

the scarlet letter c- :: essays research papers

Since the dawn of man people have been challenged by evil. Whether it was Eve eating and than offering the apple to Adam, or the Caveman murdering his neighbor for personal benefit. Using Nathaniel Hawthorns novel The Scarlet Letter we can see how evil consumes someone’s day to day live even if it is filled with the morals brought fourth upon them by their god. Three of the four main characters in this book were sinners who were faced with evil and chose to suffer, combat, or bargain with it. With good intentions the townspeople also played a role letting evil exist with the intentions of stomping it out. In the 1600’s because of fear from their vengeful god Puritans tried to be moral and just. They chose a life where the 10 commandments was the law of the land and there was no exception. The sixth commandment Thou Shalt Not Commit Adultery was not a rule that people ignored. With the intentions of comforting Hester Prynne’s lonesomeness and grief for her missing husband, Arthur Dimmesdale became passionate. They both shared intimacy knowing the result was not praised in Heaven. She later found that she was pregnant and our novel begins to show a struggle between good and evil. After Hester Prynne’s child was born, she was forced to take her walk of shame out of the prison doors to stand on a Scaffold to be publicly humiliated. The townspeople in the marketplace were astonished that a woman can let her lust overwhelm her into the point of adultery. Harsh statements came out of their mouths. â€Å"`At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. `Said one of the angry puritans† (1360). The townspeople have good intentions by trying to teach others that Adultery was a sin yet are doing the work of the Dark Man. By mentally crucifying this woman and making her wear the letter they are forming their own lust and vengefulness. While on the Scaffold she looks down to see her missing husband Rodger Chillingworth and he is horrified and ashamed. It is hard to forgive and Chillingworth mentally vows revenge to the one who impregnated his wife. He later tells her not to let his identity to be known. Even in chapter four The Interview it is hard for us to see the path of evil he is about to follow.

An Influenced Life Essay

An Influenced Life As people grow and develop in their lives, many factors influence their trajectories. These factors manifest themselves in many ways, but some are more prominent than others. I believe that every person, depending the factors that influenced them most strongly, would place more importance on some factors than others. In other words, my essay will be different than other classmates, because I was raised differently than most of them and different things had impacts on my development. Individuals also probably think some are more important factors than others, and these viewpoints depend solely on their lives and their development thus far. My personal view is that some of the most important factors that influence an individual’s development are their innate temperament, the parents they are born to, the consequent family role they possess, the anxiety they bear in life, and the relationships they make – both forced and by their own volition. Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. Although I believe these are some of the most important factors, they are by no means the only things that influence a persons’ development over time. Also worth noting is the fact that these all impact each other as well as singularly influencing an individual. When combined, many factors cause other factors and all influence a persons’ development trajectory. One of these influences is inborn, not decided by outside forces. Temperament is something every human is born with, and it is shown from the moment they start breathing. My sister and I, for example, have somewhat opposite temperaments. As a child I was very loud and loved to talk (which hasn’t changed), and my sister was much quieter and listened much better than I ever could. She was more patient from birth than I will ever be. This chasm between our personalities provides some definition for our life development. Her calm, quiet manner led to little misbehavior and consequent punishment. My quick, sarcastic temper led to much conflict with parents and occasionally teachers, and required containment. This put me in a different trajectory than my sister, as she became easy to deal with, and easy to please. My parents had to take a different approach with me, as my temperament led me to be harder to discipline, please, and control. The temperament of any individual greatly influences a person’s future life development. It influences the way a person reacts and relates to other people, the way they act alone and in company, and their view on the world. Parents are one of the influences I think most would agree impacts development most. Even people who had parents that were not present might agree that the absence itself influenced their life and development. The techniques parents use vary and are quite different from family to family, and occasionally even within families. Parenting impacts development and views of the world because they restrict or allow activities, and provide moral ideas and values in differing strengths, passing on much to their children. As we grow out of childhood, impressions of our parents from a young age remain with us and impact the way we live, act, and interpret others’ behaviors. The two spectrums for parenting styles measure how demanding a parent is, and how responsive a parent is. To me, these can make or break a child’s development. If either is too low, the child will have problems later in life, but if either is too high, there will also be consequences. High responsiveness may produce a needy, incapable adult, while low responsiveness will result in anxiety about love, and mattering. High demanding parenting may result in a high-strung, over-achieving stressed adult, while low demanding will produce an adult with little motivation and drive. Clearly, parenting impacts development and, if possible, should be controlled in order to help children develop correctly and well. As parents begin to treat children differently due to temperament, and children learn more about their parenting styles, the kids in the family begin to learn their roles in the family. These roles can range from simply the â€Å"quiet one† to â€Å"loud one,† or from â€Å"instigator† to â€Å"peace-maker.† Some of the roles can make children feel guilty, unworthy, or bad about themselves, while others make childr en feel proud, confident, and pleased. These differences start at a young age and continue through their lives, even into adulthood. This will also influence relationships and life plans, causing each person to have a different filter per say, which they view the world through. If an individual follows these family roles into adulthood, individuals follow whatever mold they were shaped into as a young person. This can obviously impact development in frightening ways. One can imagine a forty year-old still following his instilled role of a meek, rule-following, shy six year-old, or a twenty-one year-old still behaving as a reckless, authority defying teenager, but with much more damaging and dangerous rebellions. The types of anxiety that a person deals with on a frequent  basis derive from many sources. These factors come from both developmental sources and environmental sources. While environmental sources are inevitable and cannot be avoided, like natural disasters and wars, the developmental sources can be somewhat traced to other developmental factors. If a person carries too much anxiety, they can then begi n to develop harmful relationships and tendencies. Some anxieties that can hurt a persons’ development are worrying about trust, competence, and mattering. All three of these concerns can come from the way an individual is treated and affected by people close to them, and society as a whole, along with some of the traits they were born with. These main three concerns make or break relationships, another developmental factor. However, they also impact the way we develop in all strains of life, especially cognitive development. If someone has anxiety about not mattering or being competent, and this anxiety is reinforced by their relationships, they may truly begin to believe these things. This will begin to impact their work and productivity, starting to truly render them incompetent. Relationships also play a large role in development over time. Of all the factors discussed, I think this may be one of the most obvious, but also one of the most influential. Depending on the individual someone is relating to, and the impacts other developmental factors have on them too, relationships are the dynamic culmination of influences on human devel opment. Relationship models range from secure to insecure, and someone who forms insecure relationships is unlikely to trust anyone, and consequently bear even more anxiety than what led to the insecure relationship. I think relationships influence development because relationships give us friends, role models, and comfort. Relationships make life worth living, but if they are not healthy and secure relationships, the zeal for life may degrade. There are many factors that impact development in many different ways. These influences can have physical, social, cognitive, and emotional consequences, and help us to become the adults we do in life. They eventually all do interrelate and combine to influence each other and our development in many ways. This being said, it is crucial to development to have consistent, good, controlled factors. Although temperament cannot be controlled, parenting styles, family roles, and relationships can be objectively considered and helped, in order to ensure proper development and a productive, competent adult. If every child had these factors controlled  and watched, in order to help them develop the best they could, there would be much less anxiety, unhappiness, and idleness in our society.

The U.S Constitution & Bill of Rights

The U.S Constitution & Bill of Rights interests and actions that can potentially affect the peoples interest.

The pardoners prologue Essay Example

The pardoners prologue Essay Example The pardoners prologue Essay The pardoners prologue Essay Pardoners greed is emphasised throughout the whole prologue and tale his sermons revolve around the latin biblical phrase radix malorum est cupiditas (greed is the root of all evil) yet openly admits to preaching for nothyng but for coveityse portrays him as a hypocritical character as he is not putting what he preaches into practice.During medieval times, religion was a way of life life after death/salvation was more important than life on earth and therefore repenting sins was a way to ensure you went to heaven pardoner is playing on his audiences weakness/fear for his benefit shows him as immoral and weak. openly admits that he rekke nevere/than whan they have been beryed, though that hir soules goon-a-blackberyed! negative imagery proves his lack of compassion Openly admits he is guilty of avarice (which was one of the 7 deadly sins ironic and hypocritical seeing as hes a preacher and preaches ABOUT gluttony?)I preche of no thyng but for coveityse (x2) myn entente is nat but for to wynn and /no thyng for the correcicioun of synneGeneral prologue description of him I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare referred to as a eunuch (castrated man) this combined with the description of him riding with the summoner who bar to hym a stif bourdon carries the connotations of a weak and possibly homosexual man?riticism: pardoner is parasite of parasites and merely a vehicle for the substantial embodiment of the churchs abusement pardoner is a 2D character constructed to highlight the medieval church as greedy, weak and hypocritical. Greed, weakness and hypocrisy are all key attributes to the pardoners prologue and tale. In the medieval times, greed, a form of gluttony, was one the seven deadly sins and would ultimately lead to a lifetime in Hell. Religion was extremely prominent during the medieval period and was infiltrated into every aspect of life.Therefore, it was easy for corrupt churchmen, such as the Pardoner, to play on the weaknesses and fear of the pilgrims to feed their own greed. The prologue and the tale that the Pardoner tells highlights his lack of redeeming virtues, as well as the characters in the exemplum novelle he narrates. Although it can be argued that his tale does present some characters to have positive qualities, such as the old man, they are constructed in such a way to stress the lack of redeeming qualities of the other characters.This essay will consider the lack of redeeming qualities in human nature, and will dispute this with the characters who do seem to possess positive virtues. The pardoners boastful tone in the prologue seems to suggest that he takes pride in his lack of redeeming virtues as it ultimately fuels his comfortable lifestyle. His greed is established from the onset as the general prologue informs the reader that the pardoner tricks pilgrims into buying relics they believe are the sayle that saint peter hadde or our lady veyl when in reality, they are merely nothing more than pigges bones.Thus, the pardoner is portrayed as greedy from the beginning, and this is continually emphasised throughout the prologue and tale. His sermons are constructed around the Latin biblical phrase radix malorum est cupiditas which translated, means the love of money is the root of all evil. This depicts the pardoner as massively ironic as well as hypocritical, as he openly admits to preaching for nothing but for coveityse; a phrase repeated twice in the prologue to accentuate his greed and is reinforced by for myn entente is nat but for to wynne and no thyng for the correcioun of synne.Chaucer has represented human nature to lack any redeeming virtues through the pardoner, as he does not put into practice what he so regularly preaches to pilgrims. As previously mentioned, religion was fundamental in medieval lifestyle, and ensuring the route to salvation seemed more important than life on Earth. To ensure salvation, it was crucial to repent for any sins that you may be guilty of. In this sense, the pardoner can be seen as lacking any redeeming virtues as he uses this to bribe money out of innocent pilgrims.Chaucher uses distressing imagery to emphasise the depths of the pardoners greed, stating that he will noon of the apostles countrefete and will even take money from the povereste wydwe in village to fund his lavish lifestyle. In addition to this, he candidly states that he rekke never of the pilgrims once they have died, for his only interest is taking their money and not their eternal souls, in which he admits whan that they are beryed, hi r soules goon-a-blackberyed!. This further illustrates his lack of compassion and his greedy, hypocritical character, corresponding with the statement that human nature lack any redeeming virtues and are greedy, weak and hypocritical. The pardoner openly admits throughout the prologue and tale that he is guilty of avarice: one of the seven deadly sins. This is massively ironic on many levels as firstly, he is a member of the church and therefore should be learned in all sins, knowing not to commit any.Secondly, he preaches about this very sin to his congregation whilst committing it himself on a daily basis through the sale of fake relics. Critics, such as Linda Georgianna, have argued that the pardoner is merely a substantial vehicle for the embodiment of the churchs abusement, drawing parallels with other critics, who argue that the pardoner is the parasite of all parasites; Chaucer may have constructed the pardoner as a veiled criticism of the medieval church, highlighting the co rrupt nature of its workings and the papacy as greedy, weak and hypocritical.This view can be supported by the description of the pardoner in the general prologue. Spearing notes that the pardoners repellent outer appearance reflects his inner corruption. He is referenced to a eunuch, being described as a geldyng or a mare carrying connotations of a possible homosexual relationship with the summoner whom he rode with, who bar to hym a stiff burdoun.This idea of homosexuality can be construed as a criticism of the church as homosexuality was forbidden in medieval times, therefore to let members of the church be homosexual shows the lack of interest, or carelessness, to who they allow to do Gods work. The three rioters are perceived as sinful from the onset as they are described as being in a tavern drinking and blaspheming immediately guilty of committing two of the seven deadly sins. They can be described as a walking embodiment of sin, as they are not named and therefore are not given specific identities.They encompass the theme of hypocrisy as they stress their united brotherhood by incessantly regarding one another as bretheren who are out to find and kill the false traytour death; ironic as later on they will become false traitors themselves, plotting against and killing each other due to their greed. The novelle in which the pardoner uses in his sermon to illustrate how sinning ultimately leads to death portrays human nature to lack any redeeming virtues and illustrates people as being greedy, weak and hypocritical.Despite the majority of the prologue proving that human nature lacks any redeeming virtues through the construction of the pardoner and the three rioters, it can be argued that there are particular elements in both the prologue and tale to contradict this statement. The old man in the novelle of the three rioters that the pardoner tells is used to signify the positive and holy element of the tale. This is shown through the direct contrast bet ween him and the three rioters, who can be presented as the anti-trinity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.When the old man speaks to the rioters, he explains how he wishes to die, calling it a grace a distinct contrast between the men who call death a traytour, and how he has walked the Earth for many years as a resteless kaityf waiting for Mother Nature to take him. This could suggest that he has been true to his religion throughout his life, never committing sins and therefore has not been punished by death at an early age, unlike the rioters who revel in sin and are killed relatively quickly.The contrast between the old man wanting to die, and the three young men looking to kill death, can suggest the difference in wisdom; the old man knows that his route to salvation is clear and is not afraid to pass over into Heaven, whereas the three young men who regularly sin are looking to kill death themselves to avoid going to Hell, instead of repenting for their sins. This su ggests an underlying weakness of the three rioters. Although the old man may be seen as wanting to find Death, some critics argue that the old man is actually the personification of death, and therefore cannot die.Instead, he is constructed to give the three rioters the option to find death up the croked way, in which they will find eighte bushels of floryns fyn of gold, give into their weaknesses, leading to death and portraying human nature to lack any redeeming virtues. Therefore, it is sufficient to say that the pardoners prologue and tale does indeed show human nature to lack redeeming virtues, and that greed, weakness and hypocrisy are clearly illustrated through the construction of the characters.

Grants A-I-R Opportunities Abound for Writers!

Grants A-I-R Opportunities Abound for Writers! Philanthropy is on the rise. Grants are plentiful, offering funding for specific purposes: publishing, research,   workshops, writing, travel, individual/community projects, seminars and more. Grants often require an extensive application process. Tips for applying for grants: When applying, you will need a finely-honed mission and letters of recommendation from respected peers. When awarded a grant, you will be required to submit a final report of how you spent the funds and sometimes a sample donation of your work will be requested. Grants are not simply free money. They involve many hours of work, but I have found that it is time well-spent. Grants have themes. Grant providers offer grants for specific purposes. Make sure that your project is a good match with the grantors parameters before you begin the application process. Some grants offer funding within specific geographic boundaries. Is your geographical location a match? Grants have a mission. Clearly articulate how you will use the grant money. Include a detailed budget. And explain how this project matches the grants mission. Demonstrate that your requests match the funding guidelines. Explain how this grant will serve your professional career, help others (now and in the future) and expand the grantors mission.   Grants are about you, the grant funder and the impact the project will have on others. If you can communicate these three components, you will be a strong candidate! Some ways grant funds have made a difference: I have received grants to attend writers conferences because improved writing skills helped at work. When I was teaching, I applied for a little-known $4,000 governors grant for teaching excellence and completed graduate level writing courses using that money. The local state educators association funded two $10,000 grants to produce a book with a companion CD about Native American music. A Quaker Lyman Fund funded $2,000 twice for a book and CD about spiritual connections. A local bank offered a grant for a writing project for children. The Alex Tanous Foundation funded two summer projects to bring women to my home for classes for 10 weeks. The Puffin Foundation offers grants to save something endangered. My grant application about authentic Native American music received two grants totaling   $3,000 for two books. Making the most of a residency Artist-in-Residencies (AIR) have also been a welcome gift during the past 10 years. When I accepted   AIR positions at Sleeping Bear Dunes (MI), Acadia (ME), Crater Lake (OR) and Great North Cascades (WA) U.S. National Parks, it became obvious that those without an artistic bent were a bit confused about what I would be doing. Writing and offering one public presentation about my work, was my response. â€Å"Is that all?† some questioned. Yes, that was all. What a gift of time, space and inspiration! You need to have a vision, clear the calendar, craft an AIR project, gather references and complete your application. Each park offered me a unique experience: Sleeping Bear Dunes reflects Native American legends of the Great Lakes, Acadias rockbound coast/islands strengthen the soul, Great North Cascades offers majestic mountains, wild rivers, mammoth trees, and Crater Lake’s mystical quality is magnetic! My fifth AIR on Marthas Vineyard at Turkeyland Cove for 17 days of solitude in a magnificent island house resulted in several publications. I am a writer and a musician. Writers describe their impressions in word paintings. Musicians bring forth inspiration through sound. That is what I do every day during an artist-in-residency. AIR programs offer time for the mind to wander, filling my soul with joy. Profound experiences of beauty and serenity are imprinted upon my soul and will continue to enrich my work for years.

The Russian Revolution, 2nd ed., by Sheila Fitzpatrick Essay

The Russian Revolution, 2nd ed., by Sheila Fitzpatrick - Essay Example To prove this statement, firs of all, I need to define the term revolution. Secondly, I need to trace and compare the features of Stalin’s and Lenin’s dictatorships in economic policy, social policy and party policy. So, the first task to be done is to understand how Sheila Fitzpatrick defined the revolution. According to her, revolution â€Å"is coterminous with the period of upheaval and instability between the fall of an old regime and the firm consolidation of a new one† (3). Russian Revolution began with the February 1917 and ended with the Great Purges in 1938. Author distinguished five stages of the revolution: the February and October Revolutions in 1917, Civil War, the interlude of NEP, Stalin’s â€Å"revolution form above† and the Great Purges (4). Each of these stages had its own features and was continuation of the previous one. So, the Russian Revolution lasted about 20 years that had not only changed the regime but also formed the new one. Lenin was a great organizer, ideologist and the inspirer for many Bolsheviks. Bolsheviks seized power during the October revolution only thanks to the Lenin’s strategy. Stalin was the one who deeply consolidated the new regime in the USSR with Lenin’s ideas and radically changed economy, society and party. Russia’s economy in the interwar period went through many extreme things like War Communism, NEP and Five Year Plans (with Collectivization and Industrialization). Each of them had its own aims. The main aim of the War Communism (1918-21) was to save the power, to feed soldiers and workers – it was â€Å"radical policy as answer to desperate situation† (79). But the nationalization of large-scale and small-scale industry, pressure on peasants and merchants, high level of internal resistance, instability at the front – all these forced Lenin and Bolsheviks to calm down the situation and introduce NEP. According to the author, NEP †Å"purpose was to restore the shattered economy and to calm the fears of the non-proletariat population† (96). Bolsheviks needed to consolidate the victories of the revolution. Lenin didn’t want to stop the reforms and the process of building the communism. But, his illness disturbed him and after 1921 he wasn’t actually the one who had real influence in the state. I think NEP was some kind of strategy â€Å"step back - two forward†. And, indeed, less than a decade later, Stalin abandoned most of the NEP policies and initiated a new phase of revolutionary change with the First Five Year Plan (1929-32) Industrialization drive and the Collectivization of peasant agriculture (116). He believed that this was a true Leninist course. War Communism and First Five Year Plan had the same aims: to make communism closer. Both Lenin and Stalin wanted to industrialize the state, because, according to Marx, communism was possible only in developed industrialized countrie s. But Bolsheviks didn’t have enough administrative power in the beginning of 1920s to start Industrialization. In the end of 1920s they had power and plan. The First Five Year Plan was planned to industrialize the USSR by building giant new construction projects (f.e. - Magnitogorsk) focused on iron and steel. But industrialization needed money that could be taken from peasants. That’s why Stalin began Collectivization. Collectivization was undoubtedly a real â€Å"revolution from above†

Asian Human Right Records And Western Criticism Essay

Asian Human Right Records And Western Criticism - Essay Example It describes the human rights record of United States and Western Community as whole and their role towards peace, security and human rights. Asia is a country of splendid ancestry of philosophies and customs based on people. There has been great effort and progress from Asian countries towards the transformation of its policies with a pace even faster than the Western countries. The factor that hinders this progress is not the culture itself but it is the rulers and key players who abstain from such a progress. The point here is that it is not culture but democracy that sets the nation's fate (Kim Dae-jung, 1994) It is not true to say that the Asian countries lack humanitarian activities through and through. Such a perception about Asia is publicised all over the world by western media and authorities and people sometimes fail to see the real picture behind the scene. Most of the world's population inhabit in Asia. The condemnation of such a land covered by huge population from different origins, colors and creed entirely on the basis of human rights even before realising the real truth is not at all just. For much elaboration of this point, according to Sen Amartya (1994), every nation and society bears a right of personal independence for its people. Every country has a right to think and make arrangements to provide its people with basic human rights without any intrusions from the outsiders or externals. Although it is sometimes right for an outsider to object on a severe disrespect of human right by a state but it not at all just to keep on pinpointing the others' mistakes while thoroughly overlooking its own wrong doings that continuously hamper the way to the achievement of a peaceful global village. The distinction pertaining to traditions and norms does exist between Asian and Western countries but according to Weil Robert (1994) the major problem today's world faces is the problem of setting dual-criterion for West and Asia. If we consider the practices of United States itself, as claiming to be the greatest advocator of peace and human rights for everyone in this world, we would see that it has itself been disregarding the concept of human rights and been creating and backing the severe disrupters of human rights. The examples could be the Guatemalan military regime, Tiananmen, Panama City, Tibet, Puerto Rico and above all constant refusal to abide by the global international standards for implementation of world peace and security. One could also illustrate the event when the United States itself rejected and denied the World Court judgment to play a role in the reconstruction of Nicaragua, the time of police coercion, the incidence of Rodney King tortured on TV and the occu rrence of a series of devastating circumstances as the aftermath of the event, the political agitations in United States. A short list for the United States would have to include Leonard Peltier, Puerto Rican incidence, and the black prey of cointelpro imprisoned, murdered, or forced to exile, the case of prison labor and it has even been reported in China by the press that the US government has enhanced its existing exports of goods manufactured by the prisoners. United States itself conceals its acts of disregard to human rights under the mask of world peace regulator. China is among those Asian countries that has been continuously criticised by the West, especially United States for its so-called inhuman

To what extent did the Cuban intervention shape Angola (1975-1991) Assignment

To what extent did the Cuban intervention shape Angola (1975-1991) - Assignment Example I will also refer to the Library of Congress Country Studies. In section B, I will discuss the first Cuban intervention, global response to the event, Cubas second involvement, and The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. In C, I will evaluate my sources and in D, provide an analysis of evidence. In consequence, to analysis, I will formulate a conclusion to my research in E. The Portuguese colonization of Angola began in the sixteenth century and continued until 1975. In 1974, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, an extreme right wing Portuguese government was replaced by a moderate democracy (Birmingham 184). At the time, three major revolutionary factions operated in Angola; MPLA, UNITA and FNLA. In January 1975, at a meeting held in Kenya, Portugal recognized the MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA as three independent and equal political movements (LOC). Further meeting in Alvor, Portugal, resulted in the agreement of independence on 11 November 1975 with a transitional government in place until that date (LOC). The transitional government, which was an equal unity between all three movements, was sworn in on 31 January 1975 (Smith 66). Disputes quickly erupted between members of the newly formed government. Pro-western FNLA which was heavily influenced by the United States was at odds with Soviet and Cuban-backed MPLA (LOC). The U.S refused to accept MPLA as a major player in the unity government due to their strong Soviet ties and Marxist inclinations (Smith 69). An arms race began between these two factions leading to the U.S. funding UNITA for the first time (LOC). Fighting which initially began in Luanda spread to the entire country. In July 1975, in response to a request by MPLA leader Antonio Neto to provide support against international imperialism, Cuba set up four centers for military training in Angola (CIA). On 11 August 1975, Cuban Major Raà ºl Diaz Argà ¼elles proposed to Fidel Castro a military

Financial services ( Derivatives ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial services ( Derivatives ) - Essay Example In United Kingdom, derivatives can be traded by two methods: either through an over-the-counter (OTC) or organised exchange. The exchange traded derivatives market is controlled by Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Euronext.LIFFE that is based in London. Exchange traded derivatives are always bought and sold in an exchange setting that is totally regulated and transparent. On the other hand, OTC exchanges takes place when trader prefer to trade directly with each other. Between both types of trade, there are two main differences: Firstly, exchange traded contracts increases liquidity. Secondly, traders enter into a contract through the exchange clearing house which gives them a guarantee that the contract will be adhered to. Over-the-counter trade do not have that lavishness because there is always the risk that one of the contractors will fail to honour the original agreement thereby going into liquidation (Reid, 2013, p.1). This paper will focus on the list of bank and companies maki ng losses from using derivatives and what are the risks and benefits of different types of derivatives contracts. Bank and Companies Exposed to Losses There are some banks and companies which are exposed to losses due to derivative contracts. ... The financial disorder with its rigorous liquidity and credit crunch seemed to detain to financial markets and institutions in the UK. It resulted in the failure of the key businesses, downturn in the economic activity and reveals a quick drying up of liquidity following a huge expansion in credit issued to consumers and financial institutions. Metallgesellschaft AG engaged in a wide range of activities from engineering to trade and mining and financial services. The firm was exposed to large derivatives related losses at its U.S. oil subsidiary which is known as Metallgesellschaft Refining and Marketing. It had accounted a loss of $1 billion. Metallgesellschaft AG losses were attributed to its wrong hedging program. Risk of Derivative Contracts Risks associated with derivatives are market risk, credit risk, counterparty credit risk, transparency risk, legal risk and basis risk. Counterparty Credit Risk It is the risk that a party to a derivative contract will be ineffective to perfo rm on its obligation. AIG tinted weakness in the supervision of counterparty risk and thus less clearable, OTC derivatives. AIG’s counterparties had decided to only require collateral to cover counterparty risk of American International Group if AIG were downgraded. When American International Group did experience the difficulties simultaneous liquidity squeeze and collateral calls at AIG resulted in its ultimate bail-out to evade systemic outcome. Posting to collateral either through upfront margins or mark-to-market margins is used to minimise counterparty risk to which they are exposed (Fsa, 2009, p.5). Transparency Risk The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers tinted that positions and disclosure of firms in OTC derivative market were

Week three discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week three discussion questions - Essay Example Also the analysis will help provide the direction, speed and also the extent of the trends. There are a number of different ratios that can be calculated from the financial statements of a company. The three most important ratios however, are the Liquidity, Profitability and Gearing ratios. The ratio analysis is of great importance, as it is the most effective method to estimate a firm’s performance and also compare it with that of its competitors and the industry on the whole. The long term viability of a company can be assessed from the ratios which indicate the overall performance, such as the asset turnover ratio, which measures how effectively the company has been utilizing its assets to generate sales. The other important measure is the gearing ratio which indicates the capital structure of the company and how effectively it has utilized its debt raising capacity. A company which has an optimum gearing ratio can be considered to be well positioned, or, geared for long term growth. It is imperative to note that though there are strong policies and strict procedures set up within a company, frauds do occur at times. Anonymous reporting hotlines are found to be effective reporting mechanisms. It is also important to keep a positive atmosphere, as very strict policies and internal controls might have adverse effects on employee motivation. Hence it is essential to carefully analyse the working conditions and the policies are to be set accordingly, so that both the objectives are achieved successfully. With the improvements in technology, it has become increasingly easier and effective for management to implement security programs and software within the organization. Software based on Benford’s law and surprise testing are also effective measures when carried out in a professional well planned manner. The most important thing to understand is a person’s base nature, in order to identity deception, fraud or a false statement. The most

Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company Research Paper

Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company - Research Paper Example The corporate governance is maintained at high standards by the committed directors which they believe to be the base for carrying out their responsibilities effectively. They aim for providing the right leadership and control over the environment to produce the value and even sustain the delivery of value to the entire shareholder of the company. (Ahmed, 2008, pp. 23-25)The corporate governance structure of the company comprises of 15 boards of directors amongst which five are non-executive non-independent directors and six are independent non-executive directors, and two are executive directors Mr.Clark the chief executive and Mr.Wilson the chief financial officer of the company. The chairman of the company is Mr.Manser. The structure of the corporate governance comprises of non-executive chairman, managing director, and some committees like audit, nomination, remuneration, corporate accountability and risk assurance, accountability committee, and the business units. The operations of the board are to set strategic objectives of the group, to determine different investment policies, sets upon performance criteria, and forwards the planning and implementation of those goals along with various policies including the various risk parameters. There are specific matters reserved by the board such as approval of the financial statements, the business strategy being adopted by the group, the plan for the annual capital expenditure, major capital projects, managing the various changes in the group’s management and control structure, various risk management strategy, material investments and disposals, implementing various sustainability and environmental policies, and other treasury policies. The board clearly governs through the elected board committees and monitoring the system. The board applies integrity, accountability, and principles of good governance through all the activities it performs and each of its directors bring independence and ju dgment to the role. By such defined structure, each member of the board are well aware of their responsibilities towards the company’s stakeholders and the board keeps a regular review on the performance and the core governance principles. The executive directors are responsible for proposing various and implementing operational decisions. The non-executive directors contribute to the formulation of strategy, decision making, and forming policies with the help of their knowledge. The audit committee’s responsibilities being to review and challenge the financial statement before final submission to the board, review and examine well the risk management system and internal control environment systems within the group and then carrying out analysis of the group’s overview, to recommend to the board regarding the appointment and removal of external auditors, to check the effectiveness of the internal audit process through focus on charter, staffing, annual work plan s, organizational and reporting structure (SabMiller, 2013).

Financial services ( Derivatives ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial services ( Derivatives ) - Essay Example In United Kingdom, derivatives can be traded by two methods: either through an over-the-counter (OTC) or organised exchange. The exchange traded derivatives market is controlled by Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Euronext.LIFFE that is based in London. Exchange traded derivatives are always bought and sold in an exchange setting that is totally regulated and transparent. On the other hand, OTC exchanges takes place when trader prefer to trade directly with each other. Between both types of trade, there are two main differences: Firstly, exchange traded contracts increases liquidity. Secondly, traders enter into a contract through the exchange clearing house which gives them a guarantee that the contract will be adhered to. Over-the-counter trade do not have that lavishness because there is always the risk that one of the contractors will fail to honour the original agreement thereby going into liquidation (Reid, 2013, p.1). This paper will focus on the list of bank and companies maki ng losses from using derivatives and what are the risks and benefits of different types of derivatives contracts. Bank and Companies Exposed to Losses There are some banks and companies which are exposed to losses due to derivative contracts. ... The financial disorder with its rigorous liquidity and credit crunch seemed to detain to financial markets and institutions in the UK. It resulted in the failure of the key businesses, downturn in the economic activity and reveals a quick drying up of liquidity following a huge expansion in credit issued to consumers and financial institutions. Metallgesellschaft AG engaged in a wide range of activities from engineering to trade and mining and financial services. The firm was exposed to large derivatives related losses at its U.S. oil subsidiary which is known as Metallgesellschaft Refining and Marketing. It had accounted a loss of $1 billion. Metallgesellschaft AG losses were attributed to its wrong hedging program. Risk of Derivative Contracts Risks associated with derivatives are market risk, credit risk, counterparty credit risk, transparency risk, legal risk and basis risk. Counterparty Credit Risk It is the risk that a party to a derivative contract will be ineffective to perfo rm on its obligation. AIG tinted weakness in the supervision of counterparty risk and thus less clearable, OTC derivatives. AIG’s counterparties had decided to only require collateral to cover counterparty risk of American International Group if AIG were downgraded. When American International Group did experience the difficulties simultaneous liquidity squeeze and collateral calls at AIG resulted in its ultimate bail-out to evade systemic outcome. Posting to collateral either through upfront margins or mark-to-market margins is used to minimise counterparty risk to which they are exposed (Fsa, 2009, p.5). Transparency Risk The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers tinted that positions and disclosure of firms in OTC derivative market were

Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company Research Paper

Internal Analysis of Sab Miller Company - Research Paper Example The corporate governance is maintained at high standards by the committed directors which they believe to be the base for carrying out their responsibilities effectively. They aim for providing the right leadership and control over the environment to produce the value and even sustain the delivery of value to the entire shareholder of the company. (Ahmed, 2008, pp. 23-25)The corporate governance structure of the company comprises of 15 boards of directors amongst which five are non-executive non-independent directors and six are independent non-executive directors, and two are executive directors Mr.Clark the chief executive and Mr.Wilson the chief financial officer of the company. The chairman of the company is Mr.Manser. The structure of the corporate governance comprises of non-executive chairman, managing director, and some committees like audit, nomination, remuneration, corporate accountability and risk assurance, accountability committee, and the business units. The operations of the board are to set strategic objectives of the group, to determine different investment policies, sets upon performance criteria, and forwards the planning and implementation of those goals along with various policies including the various risk parameters. There are specific matters reserved by the board such as approval of the financial statements, the business strategy being adopted by the group, the plan for the annual capital expenditure, major capital projects, managing the various changes in the group’s management and control structure, various risk management strategy, material investments and disposals, implementing various sustainability and environmental policies, and other treasury policies. The board clearly governs through the elected board committees and monitoring the system. The board applies integrity, accountability, and principles of good governance through all the activities it performs and each of its directors bring independence and ju dgment to the role. By such defined structure, each member of the board are well aware of their responsibilities towards the company’s stakeholders and the board keeps a regular review on the performance and the core governance principles. The executive directors are responsible for proposing various and implementing operational decisions. The non-executive directors contribute to the formulation of strategy, decision making, and forming policies with the help of their knowledge. The audit committee’s responsibilities being to review and challenge the financial statement before final submission to the board, review and examine well the risk management system and internal control environment systems within the group and then carrying out analysis of the group’s overview, to recommend to the board regarding the appointment and removal of external auditors, to check the effectiveness of the internal audit process through focus on charter, staffing, annual work plan s, organizational and reporting structure (SabMiller, 2013).

Health care Essay Example for Free

Health care Essay 1a. What model of healthcare does the US and your chosen country have (Japan)? Be very specific. The United States has a healthcare system that is different from almost every country in the world. I would call the United States health care system a hybrid type system. I would call our system a hybrid because we fall into almost every type of category possible when it comes to health care; for instance, people who are uninsured have to pay out-of-pocket when they want to see a doctor versus someone who is insured and only has to pay a deductable. Many companies in the United States offer free medical care for employers, or they make health care insurance fairly cheap to afford. Unlike many countries our healthcare system is a little rocky. Insurance companies can drop you for being to high risk leaving you stranded to find another insurance company or leaving you to pay out-of-pocket. Our system has forced many of our fellow citizens homeless, or with masses amount of debt. Japan on the other hand has a Universal healthcare, in which everyone is covered up to 70% of the cost. Japan’s healthcare is much cheaper than hear in America because in Japan, it is accustom to their culture that a family member acts as a nurse, in which they help assist with the patient. In Japan, they have separate hospital beds in the room for a person from the family to sleep in. The family member acts like a nurse by providing food, cleaning, and changing sheet just to name a few. People from Japan who are employed but do not receive health coverage from their company, can participate in a national health insurance program offered and controlled by their government. People in Japan cannot be denied coverage unlike our healthcare in America, and by law Japans hospitals have to be a non-profit hospital which is run by physicians. 1b. In 10 sentences or less [emphasis on less], describe the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance and Out-of-Pocket models. The Beveridge model is named after William Beveridge and was designed/implemented in Britain’s National Health Service. This system is funded by the government through tax payments, similar to how a public library works. According to PBS, â€Å"Bismarck-type health insurance plans have to cover everybody, and they dont make a profit. Doctors and hospitals tend to be private in Bismarck countries†(Health care systemthe four basic models, 2008. ). â€Å"Universal health care is a term that refers to a governmental system meant to ensure that every citizen or resident of a region has access to the required medical services†(What is universal health care, 2003-2013). According to TLC, â€Å"An out-of-pocket expense is a no reimbursable expense paid by a patient. This could include any medical benefits that your health plan doesnt consider covered services. But out-of-pocket expenses can also include covered expenses that you are responsible for before your health-plan benefits kick in at 100 percent coverage. When the insurance company pays all of your expenses and you have to pay only your monthly premium, you have reached the out-of-pocket maximum’’(Jeffries, M. , 2013). 2a. What types of healthcare plans are available in each country? You must discuss each in detail. The US has managed care plans [Health Maintenance Organizations, Preferred Provider Organizations, Exclusive Provider Organizations, Point of Service Plans], and indemnity coverage as well as Medicaid and Medicare and your countrys plan so you need to touch on them all in order to be detailed in your response. The United States has a managed care plan; managed care is used to help control cost. For instance, lets say you are rushed to the hospital, the first thing they EMT’s will ask you regardless how hurt you are â€Å"do you have insurance†. It is sad that the United States has such a terrible health care system. The United States utilizes HMO, which is health maintenance organization, this plans limits the amount of doctors you can see. This is where a person pays a monthly premium in exchange they are covered for hospital visits, pediatric care, x-rays, and many other services our health care has to offer. The person who utilizes this plan generally has to pay co-pay, which the cost varies depending on the type of plan you have. Many people like this type of plan because when you go to the doctor you don’t need to fill out claim forms. Members show a card when they go to the doctor or hospital. The downfall to this plan is that you might have to wait longer in the waiting room. Another plan the United States has is called point-of-service plan. This plan allows the members of the plan to refer themselves to an outside plan and still be able to obtain some coverage. A doctor can also make a referral out of the network and in-turn the health care plan will pay for most if not the entire bill. A preferred provider organization is another type of plan offered by the United States. Just like the health maintenance organization, the preferred provider organization limits you to the number of doctors you can see, but when you do find the right doctor most of your medical bills are covered. The preferred provider organization requires you to choose a primary care physician in order to monitor your health care. If you elect to go to a doctor who is not part of this plan, some of the medical expenses are covered. I deem some people like this plan because if their primary care doctor is not part of the plan, they don’t have to change doctors. According to Health Insurance. Info â€Å"An Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) is a network of individual medical care providers, or groups of medical care providers, who have entered into written agreements with an insurer to provide health insurance to subscribers. In EPO, medical care providers enter a mutually beneficial relationship with an insurer. The insurer reimburses an insured subscriber only if the medical expenses are derived from the designated network of medical care providers. The established network of medical care providers in turn provide subscribed patients medical services at significantly lower rates than what would have been under normal circumstances. In exchange for reduced rates of medical services, medical care providers get a steady stream of business†(Exclusive provider organization, 2010. ). Japan has a national health insurance plan; this plan for people who are not covered by their employer. You can obtain this health care plan by living in Japan for a year. Japan does have universal health coverage as well, but this plan varies between each individual. Some factors that affect this plan are: visiting, studying, working, your age just to name a few. Your premium that you pay depends on your salary you make for the year, so the cost varies for every individual. In Japan their health care system provides free examinations for specific diseases, infectious diseases and parental care. The government pays up to 70% of the cost for every citizen and foreigners who have lived in the country for a year or longer. Japan has an awesome health care plan compared to the United States, and I deem this is why their economy is flourishing and they have one of the healthiest populations in the world. People in Japan have a longer life expectancy compared to any other county in the world; I deem this is due to the bombing health care, their life style choices, and knowledge. 3a. What alternatives are available if an individual loses their healthcare due to job loss? In the US there is more than one alternative. Please be specific for each country. People in Japan are covered no matter what happens to their job. They have a universal health care system in which their government pays up to 70% of their entire cost for any medical bill. People, who don’t have a job, hardly have to pay any coverage when they are ill no matter how severe their condition is. Unlike Japan, in the United States you generally will loose your health benefits, or you will have till the end of the month to utilize it. Some employers will allow you to have your benefits for 26 weeks, which is ample time to find another job with health benefits. You will have to file a claim through your place of work in order to do this action. 4a. The storage of healthcare records are evolving? Describe what EHR, EMR and the cloud are with respect to this evolving technology. We want to see a minimum of five points per explanation. â€Å"An electronic record of health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization†(What is emr and ehr, 2013. ). EHR’s has some great benefits, one great benefit it has over paper records is that it can notify a doctor or physician that a patient is due for a routine check up. Another benefit is that it makes it almost virtually impossible to loose or misplace someone’s records. I like the fact that you can call your doctor and ask them to just simply print and mail you your medical records with all of your medical history; it makes it much easier for a patient to access. I deem one day that doctors will be able to email, or have an app where a patient can access their medical records electronically just for viewing or printing purposes. According to Healthit. gov â€Å"An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of a paper chart that contains all of a patient’s medical history from one practice. An EMR is mostly used by providers for diagnosis and treatment†(What is an electronic medical record, 2012. ). This is not as beneficial in my opinion as EHR’s are. The reason I feel this way is because EMR’s can only access medical files from one practice. Many people have more than one doctor such as an eye doctor, physician, and even a dentist. All these different practices utilize some sort of medical history that you have compiled over a certain time span. The cloud is a database where every doctor you encounter can access you files. Many people have mixed views about this so called â€Å"cloud†. From a doctors point of view it is great! They can see your medical history for every doctor you have been to. Some people may deem this to be a violation of HIPPA. Many people find it an invasion to their privacy and why would a physician need access to any of my other files. One benefit is doctors can see specific medicines you maybe allergic to that you may have for got to inform them about. 5a. What problems are associated with each country’s healthcare plan(s)? Details please. The United States health care system has many flaws; one is hospitals tend to over price patients. I learned from my Health Law and Ethics class, that some hospitals charge unnecessary charges such as $10. 00 for a cup they carry you medicine in. If you are in the hospital for some time that really adds up quickly! Another flaw our health care system has is over spending on testing. Our country spends more money on test with their patients than any other country. I read an article that a patient was experiencing heart burn constantly and rather than giving a $1,200 stress test (way over priced if you ask me) the doctor charged the patient with a $8,000 CT scan. Many insurance companies will not accept a patient who has had previous records of specific diseases or any chronic condition in fear that they will have to pay too much for their care. If a person who is young and can’t qualify for Medicare, Medicade, and does not have company medical benefits, they have to pay out of pocket. Japan is known for having one of the most superior health care systems in the world. One flaw that it has is a surprisingly high suicide rate. One study showed that these suicides were due to health problems. Japan has a high cancer rate because of the obsessive smoking and drinking in their country.

The Hardship Of Vietnamese Students Education Essay

The Hardship Of Vietnamese Students Education Essay In a developing Asian country like Vietnam, studying is the most important activity in ones life. Unlike in the United States where going to school brings children happiness, Vietnamese schools are often considered a kind of mental and intellectual training. Except for some special students who are intelligent by birth, most ordinary students have to struggle in order to keep up with very strict requirements of the education system in Vietnam. This reality, however, is not commonly recognized by responsible adults. Because I used to be in that kind of environment, in my point of view, Vietnamese students are constantly suffering from enormous stress. First, parents expectations put students under a lot of pressure. As a matter of fact, most of Vietnamese families struggle to earn enough income to support their lives, and this has not changed at all for several centuries, even when the economic situation has improved a lot. As a result, most parents want their kids to live more comfortable life than the previous generation. This kind of wish is not wrong, because it comes from the hearts of parents who do not want their children to suffer like they did. However, parents use that reason to push the poor children beyond their threshold, for they think that the kids are a tool for them to fulfill the wishes they could not complete when they were young. Most people make their children go to cram school every day, and do not bring them home until eight in the evening. Some other parents make their children learn various subjects, like violin, piano, ballet, or martial arts after school time. They think that those actions help them expr ess their love for the kids. However, the adults do not understand that children need rest after school as much as they need rest after work. Personally, I have seen children in the age below twelve dozing off behind their parents on the motorbike when going home from a martial arts course. Regarding Vietnams transportation situation, it is very dangerous because the kids can fall off the bike any moments. Their own parents do not care, though. Moreover, parents in Vietnam lack sympathy for their children. They do not feel the need to understand their childrens problems because they are parents. When the kids get bad grades, instead of getting encouragement or at least consolation from their beloved parents, they only get some nasty words and even violence. Another mistake that most parents do is that they keep comparing their kids to some other kids on newspaper. The adults think that comparing will make their kids reflect on themselves and behave, but it only brings out negative e ffects on the children. Additionally, parents do not encourage their children to pursue their own dreams, but force the kids to become what the parents want. Most students do not have the chance to choose their paths, and it will lead to many bad consequences in the future if the students are not suitable for that major. To me and most of my friends when we were still in school, going home does not bring any kind of happiness, but only stress and pain. Second, the whole societys idea of success places even more stress on the students. In Vietnam, it is very hard to get a job without having powerful parents. In order to get a good position, a person from ordinary background must have excellent intellectual abilities, which is proved through their degrees and certificates. Therefore, students must study hard ever since elementary school in order to get in famous schools, and eventually graduate from the most well-known universities so as to get a job. Ever since they are young, students are taught that school performance is the only way to determine a persons value. Consequently, if a student cannot excel in class, he or she will be regarded as a useless person who will never get a good life and will probably spend the rest of his or her life collecting trash on the sidewalk for a living. Teachers also cause stress on their students. This traces back to the fact that teachers in Vietnam do not earn much income compared to other professions. As a result, teachers tend to do whatever they can to earn more money for their families. Most teachers have to open extra classes at home as an alternate source of income, which becomes another session of school for children. Unfortunate students are given extremely difficult tests so that they get bad results; then, they are threatened that they can never get good grades unless they become students at their teachers extra classes after school. Unfortunately, most parents do not detect this kind of evil actions of the teachers; they think the children are neglecting their studying, and blame them for the bad grades. This unjust action makes children very disappointed and even under more stress. In addition, many teachers teach their students very wrong ideas about the relation between success in school and in life. In their opinio n, if a student can do math and write good essays, that child will be rich in the future. On the other hand, if a student cannot do math or cannot write a decent essay, the child will most likely lead a pathetic life regardless of other talents that the kid may have. Some teachers, especially homeschool teachers, create a gap between good students and bad students, causing the bad ones many negative feelings toward their better classmates. Moreover, a small number of teachers have a tendency to treat one or two students better than the rest of the class due to their excellence in studying, or just because their parents are rich. In other words, students are taught that the value of one person do not depend on their personalities but on their social background and intellectual abilities. As if there is not enough pressure from their superiors, students create pressure on themselves and on their peers. Most children strive for their parents satisfaction, so they push themselves as hard as they can. They think that only through good grades can they be loved by their parents. Although they do realize that all the adults are wrong about the importance of school grades, they have no way to escape from it, nor do they have enough courage to break out of those invisible chains. As a result, they become the same as the adults who used to mentally abuse them, thus maintaining the vicious circle. Besides, students subconsciously become their classmates source of pressure. Because young children learn a lot from their peers, they are usually confused by their friends hard work and doubt whether they are already doing their best or not, which intensifies the competitiveness between classmates. Another factor that contributes to academic pressure on students is the excessive amount of schoolwork, especially in high school. At my high school, an average student has to attend class lectures for four hours every day from Monday to Friday in the morning. Three afternoons per week, the student have to go to school for another four hours; also, the student has another two more hours on Saturdays for extracurricular activities. After getting out of school at five in the afternoon, the student will most likely engage in another session of cram school, which usually last two hours or even more. Because most teachers offer extra classes which usually last four or three hours per week ,or even six hours for major subjects like mathematics, and a student often has to take at least two different extra classes, the total time for cram school can easily exceed eight to ten hours every week. In total, an average student at my high school spends at least 40 hours per week on going to school s and extra classes, as much time as a normal full-time worker does. However, it does not end there. At home, an ordinary student has to do homework and study for upcoming exams. The time for self-studying varies from one student to another, but as far as I know, half of my class stayed up late to do homework, and the other half did not go to sleep until past midnight. For students in middle and elementary schools, this amount of time is slightly reduced, but it does not mean that the amount of work is. From middle school, a student has to learn 13 subjects a week, all year long, and all of them are compulsory. If the student gets a final score of less than eight in any of those 13 subjects, he or she will probably lose the chance of getting a title of good student, which is very important for scholarships or other benefits in Vietnam. To make things even worse, none of those subjects can be considered easy. One friend of mine said ironically, At school, we have to be as knowledgeab le as Einstein, run as fast as Usain Bolt, draw as beautifully as Picasso, sing as well as Elvis Presley, have communist ideals like Karl Marx, and be as good a person as Mother Theresa. She was not entirely exaggerating, since her words practically described much of the education system in Vietnam, no matter how unbelievable it may sound. Even for pre-school children, the situation is not better, for they are expected to read and write smoothly before actually entering their first school year. Except for my elementary teachers who were all very nice to me, many other teachers will not hesitate to hit a young kid for making a mistake on their exams. Indeed, violence adds to academic pressure as well. Those kinds of pressure has become a part of everyday life, so no students can recognize how stressful their school years are until they get to university and look back on the previous time. Working hard in a long time is not all wasteful, however, because, in one way or another, it strengthens students mind and provides them with more than enough knowledge so as to prevail in foreign countries universities. Still, I hope that one day all those unfair stresses will be lifted away, so that the children can actually enjoy their childhood and no longer see their schools as a kind of prison, just like what I used to do throughout twelve years of my life.

Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay -- Authors

Nathaniel Hawthorne, an American writer was the child of Elizabeth Clarke Manning and Nathaniel Hawthorne. He was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He is a descendent of a long line of Puritan ancestors which of one is his great-grandfather John Hathorne who was a judge in the Salem witch trials. He was not proud of his family’s background and in order to disassociate himself with them he added a â€Å"w† to his last name to make it Hawthorne. Hawthorne’s father was a ship Captain in the U.S. Navy and died of yellow fever when Hawthorne was four-years-old. After his father died his mother became overly protective of him and that left him to be shy and bookish. Later on that is what molded his career as a writer. In 1821 Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College and graduated four years later - He chose a school that was close to his mom and sisters. After graduation he turned his passion of writing and published his first novel Fanshawe. This novel was unsuccessful, but it did not discourage Hawthorne. A few years later he wrote a few short stories and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† was one of the famous ones. After realizing he could not make a living as a writer (because of the financial needs) he decided to enter the work force. In 1839 he obtained a job with Boston Custom House, but was dismissed three years later. By 1842 his writings began to _______________ and he was able to maintain a suitable income. Only then did he marry Sofia Peabody and moved to The Manse in Concord, Massachusetts which was the center of the Transcendental movement. In 1845 Hawthorne returned to Salem and devoted himself to his most famous novel, The Scarlett Letter. He described this novel as a â€Å"hell-firing story.† It was published in 1850 and was an... ...ment. The townspeople of Boston stopped communicating with him because of the simple black veil that shielded his face. '"I don't like it,'' muttered an old woman,' as she hobbled into the meeting-house. ’He has changed himself into something awful, only by hiding his face.' The evidence of a veil concealing his face frightened the people of this small Puritan town. Elizabeth, his fiancà ©e demanded, "Lift the veil but once, and look me in the face." She established the fact that she and the other people are definitely afraid of the unknown. The veil teaches individuals to have courage and to abstain from arrogance. The people of the town were very arrogant in their mind set. They all contradicted to their principle beliefs; therefore, they were hypocrites of their own nature. The minister tried to reflect everyone's flaws by using the black veil as an object.